Subject objectives
To provide with a theoretical foundation to the knowledge of chemistry to the students, more wide and rigorous than the proceeding one of the general chemistry.
To show the form in which this foundation allows to approach problems of certain level of complexity belonging to the area of the chemistry, the biology, the medicine and the pharmacology.
To acquaint the students with experimental procedures directly related to the discipline.
Contents
Block One: material balance in one-component systems:
Lesson 1.
General condition of phase equilibrium. Intensive independent variables: The phase rule. Phase equilibrium in systems of a component: phase diagrams. Equations of Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron.
Block Two: phase equilibrium in multi-componente systems:
IIa) Solutions and immiscible liquids.
Lesson 2. Liquid mixtures of volatile, miscible components in all the proportions, in equilibrium with his vapor. Ideal solutions: Raoult's Law; pressure - composition and temperature - composition diagrams. Nonideal solutions: Henry's Law (dissolution of a gas in a liquid); pressure - composition and temperature - composition diagrams. Distillation of immiscible liquids in equilibrium with his vapor: steam distillation. Molecular interpretation of the behavior of the solutions. Thermodynamic of solutions: concept of thermodynamic activity from the chemical potential.
Lesson 3. Solutions of involatil solute: colligative properties. Vapor-pressure lowering. Boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression. Osmosis and osmotic pressure. The osmosis in Biology and in Pharmacy. Colligative properties in solutions of electrolytes. Applications of the colligative properties to the determination of molecular masses. Distribution of a solute between two immiscible liquids: partition coefficient. Determination of drug solubility.
IIb) Interfaces and scattered systems:
Lesson 4. Surface Phenomena.- Introduction to Surface Thermodynamics: interface and interfacial tensión. Wet: contac angle. Adsorption. Surfactants.- definition and classifications. Surfactant solutions: monolayers. Surfactant applications.
Lesson 5. Colloidal Systems.- Dispersed systems. Colloids: definition and classifications. Properties of colloids. Solutions of macromolecules. Association colloids: micelles. Colloidal Dispersions.
Block Three: Chemical and electrochemical balance.
Lesson 6. Chemical equilibrium. Thermodynamic condition of equilibrium. Chemical equilibrium in gaseous phase. Chemical equilibrium in solution. Heterogeneous chemical equilibrium. Factors that modify the condition of chemical equilibrium: influence of the pressure, temperature and the addition of reactant or inert components. The reaction quotient like criterion of spontaneity and equilibrium: the isotherm of reaction.
Lesson 7. Equilibrium in electrolyte solutions. Solubulity product. Mean ionic activity coefficient: Debye-Hückel equation. Ionic strength. Experimental results of the measures of the mean ionic activity coefficient. Influence of the common ion and neutral salts on the solubility of slightly soluble salts. Equilibrium dissociation of monoprotics weak acids and bases. Dissociation of amino acids and proteins: isoelectric point. Chemical equilibrium with charged species: electrochemical potential. Biological fluids as electrolytic solutions: ion transport across membranes.
Basic and complementary bibliography
"Química ´Física”. T. Engel y P. Reid. Ed. Addison-Wesley
"Fisicoquímica para Farmacia y Biología". P. Sanz y otros. Ediciones Científicas y Técnicas S.A., SALVAT.
"Fisicoquímica". I. N. Levine. Ed. McGraw-Hill.
"Fisicoquímica". P. W. Atkins. Ed. Addison-Wesley Iberoamericana.
"Fisicoquímica". D.W. Ball. Ed. Thomson.
Competencies
FM01.-To apply the knowledge of Physics and Mathematics to the pharmaceutical sciences.
Q05.- Knows the physical-chemistry characteristics of the substances used for the manufacture of the medicaments.
Q06.- Knows and to understand the characteristics of the reactions in solution, the different states of the matter and the principles of the thermodynamic and his application to the pharmaceutical sciences.
TF03.- Knows the processes of liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of medicaments, and factors that determine the absorption and disposition depending on his routes of administration.
TF05.- Knows the physical-chemistry and biopharmaceutical properties of the active principles and exicipients as well as the possible interactions between both.
MF01.- To use of sure form the medicaments bearing in mind his physical and chemical properties including any risk associated with his use.
CP01.- Critical and self-critical capacity.
CI01.- Analysis and synthesis skills
CP05.- Aptitude to communicate with experts of other areas.
Teaching methodology
Will be used:
- Explanatory classes in large groups: face-to-face classes given by the teacher in which the fundamental theoretical contents of the subject are exposed. Basic problems of their application are raised and carried out.
There are also complementary activities that the student must carry out: study of additional contents of theory not included in explanatory classes, individual accomplishment of numerical problems and other individual activities or in group.
- Interactive classes in limited group: theoretical - practical face-to face class in which they propose questions and doubts are solved and applications of the theory, problems, exercises and so on. The student takes part actively in these classes of different ways: delivery of exercises to the professor (some of the proposed ones in bulletins of problems that the professor delivers to the students with the sufficient anticipation); resolution of exercises in the classroom, meetings of cooperative learning, etc. The assistance to these interactive classes in limited group will be obligatory.
- Face-to face, tutorships of blackboard in very limited group. The professor schedules the tutorships. They propose activities as the explanation of doubts on theory, problems, exercises, readings, or other proposed tasks.
- Practical classes of laboratory: there are included here the classes that take place in a laboratory of practices. In them the student acquires the own skills of the work in a laboratory and consolidates the knowledge acquired in the classes of theory. The student will must come to every session of practices and, after the accomplishment of the experiences and calculations necessary for the attainment of the aims of the same ones, will gather in the laboratory diary the development of the practice and the calculations and results that proceed, presenting these for his evaluation.
Evaluation system
The overall rating in the 1st call for the course, will be the one resulting from to sum the one obtained in the examination of theory and problems more the one corresponding to the continuous assessment and the one obtained in laboratory works. If the student has not completed and passed the laboratory practices, they will not be able to pass the subject.
The theory exam will consist of several sections of applied questions. The problems exam has two problems with different sections. The maximum rating in theory and problems will be 8 points, corresponding 5.5 points to the note of theory and the 2.5 remaining points to the note of problems. A special requirement to pass the course is to obtain a note equal to or more than 2 points in theory and equal to or more than 1 points in problems. Both exams will be face-to -face.
The maximum rating of continuous assessment is 1.5 points and will be established considering: the active involvement of the student in the interactive lessons, proposed activity performance, assistance to tutorships, notes corresponding to written proofs that on specific sections you can carry out, etc. In order to be able to access the rating corresponding to the continuous assessment, is necessary prerequisite the assistance to interactive lessons.
Repeaters students who wish to do so, may maintain the qualification of the continuous assessment corresponding to the previous course without having to attend interactive classes, being indispensable requirement having signed, at the beginning of the semester, a proof of this commitment with the professor in charge of the subject.
At the end of the practices there will be an exam, whose maximum qualification will be 0,4 points, note to which will be added, a maximum of 0,1 points corresponding to the evaluation of practices book. The students who repeat the subject will not have to realize them again, if they do not want. Nevertheless, 0,5 maximum points of the examination, only will be included in the global note of the year of the accomplishment and after these 0,5 points will join to the percentage assigned to the continuous assessment.
In the 2nd call for the academic course, just will be made the examination of theory and problems, keeping the rating corresponding to practices and the obtained in continuous assessment during the course. The same proportions earlier remarked and the same prerequisites to pass the course will be applied.
The skills acquired in the course will be assessed through the following channels: review: specific skills: FM01, Q05, Q06, TF03 FT05 and skills: CP01 and CI01. In interactive classes:
specific skills: FM01, Q05, Q06, TF03, FT05 and MF01 and skills: CP01, CI01 and CP05. Laboratory practices: specific skills: Q05, Q06, FT05 and MF01 and skills: CP01 and CI01
Studying time and personal work
WORK IN PERSON IN THE CLASSROOM (60 HOURS)
- Expositive lessons: 30 hours
- Interactive lessons of blackboard: 15 hours
- Interactive lessons of laboratory works: 9 hours
- Tutorships (very reduced group): 2.5 hours
- Exámen of theory and problems and its review: 3.5 hours
PERSONAL WORK OF THE STUDENT (90 HOURS)
- Expositive lessons (individual freelance study or in a group): 48 hours
- Interactive lessons of blackboard (resolution of financial years, or other works): 24 hours
- Interactive lessons of laboratory works (previous and analysis preparation later of the
obtained results): 6.5 hours
- Tutorships (doubts orientation and resolution): 2.5 hours
- Preparation of examinations: 9 hours
Subject study recommendations
Revision and putting in the day of mathematics (infinitesimal calculation and analytical geometry), physics (mechanics, electricity, systems of units) and general chemistry.
Regular dedication to the study of the subject (short periods daily newspapers or every two days, better than weekly).
To avoid to introduce in a chapter without reaching a certain degree of understanding of the previous one.
To dedicate a special effort to the comprehension of the meaning or nature of some theoretical strategic contents, as well as to the general methods of resolution of the problems.
Observations
The virtual platform of the USC will be in use as support and complement of the theoretical - practical teaching and as an important element of communication with the student.
